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Reflection & Refraction of light (Perpendicular v/s Normal) & Fermat principle

Fermat's principle states that “light travels between two points along the path that requires the least time, as compared to other nearby paths.” From Fermat's principle, one can derive (a) the law of reflection [the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection] and (b) the law of refraction [Snell's law].

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